11.1.4 Separation Between Traces

The separation between traces depends on several factors; however, the amount of coupling that can be tolerated usually dictates the actual separation. Low noise coupling requires close coupling between the differential pair of an multipoint LVDS link to benefit from the electromagnetic field cancellation. In addition, differential pairs should have the same electrical length to ensure that they are balanced, thus minimizing problems with skew and signal reflection.

If there are two adjacent single-ended traces, one should use the 3-W rule, which stipulates that the distance between two traces must be greater than two times the width of a single trace, or three times its width measured from trace center to trace center. This increased separation effectively reduces the potential for crosstalk. The same rule should be applied to the separation between adjacent multipoint LVDS differential pairs, whether the traces are edge-coupled or broad-side-coupled.

Figure 16. 3-W Rule for Single-Ended and Differential Traces (Top View)

You should exercise caution when using autorouters, because they do not always account for all factors affecting crosstalk and signal reflection. For instance, it is best to avoid sharp 90° turns to prevent discontinuities in the signal path. Using successive 45° turns tends to minimize reflections.