SLAA991 December   2020 TMUXHS4212

 

  1.   Trademarks
  2. 1Introduction
  3. 2Major Parameters of Multiplexers
  4. 3Cascading Multiplexers Testing
  5. 4Summary

2 Major Parameters of Multiplexers

Often designers want to use multiplexers to accomplish simple signal re-routing; however, designers want to ensure that the impact of the physical multiplexers to the signal itself is as small as possible. In essence, the best types of multiplexers are the ones that have minimal impact on both the signal and the system while accomplishing their function. Users must aware of the limiting of those parameters in the system to gauge the effect of performance and know how to use design tools to find out if the multiplexer is good fit into their system design.

2.1 Ron resistance

One of the major parameters of analog multiplexers is On resistance. On-resistance (RON) is the resistance of the multiplexers path between the drain and source terminal when the multiplexer is closed. Ideally, RON needs to be kept as low as possible in order to keep the signal loss and propagation delays to be small. The On resistance value of the multiplexer translates into multiple performance characteristics of a signal multiplexer. For example, RON impacts the multiplexer’s power consumption, propagation delay, and the bandwidth of the signals that can pass through the multiplexer without distortion. In most cases, lower RON values are preferred in order to achieve optimal design.

2.2 Bandwidth

An analog multiplexer also has many ac specifications, such as bandwidth and insertion loss. Bandwidth is an important parameter to characterize the performance of many electrical systems. The term bandwidth refers to the pass band width of a filter, and in the case of a low-pass filter, the bandwidth is equal to the –3 dB frequency and indicates the upper limit of the frequency of signals passing through the multiplexers. Understanding the bandwidth capability of a signal multiplexer helps to determine if a multiplexer meets the performance requirements of the target application. A good rule of thumb is BW should be greater than or equal to 1.5 or 2 times Nyquist frequency.

2.3 Insertion Loss and Return Loss

Other important AC parameters are insertion loss and return loss. At high frequency, signal loss produces signal attenuation and distortion; the signal will be attenuated by conductor resistance and leakage in the material. The design of high-speed circuits therefore requires a knowledge of not only BW and Ron resistor, but also the dielectric constant and loss parameter.

Insertion loss and return loss are widely used terms in the field of microwave technologies. They play an important role in designing and development of high-speed devices such as filters, multiplexers. Insertion loss and return loss are what is used in cascading multiplexer’s analysis.

So what are Insertion loss and return loss? Technically, when some system or circuit is inserted between a source and a load, some of the signal power from the source is dissipated through the circuit components due to their resistive nature that results in losses. Therefore, not all the transmitted signal power is transferred to the load. The losses between the incident power and the transmitted power is called insertion Loss. Likewise, the difference between the incident power and the reflected power is called return loss.

GUID-20201206-CA0I-BR4C-MKF5-VXGPKPSGSBMZ-low.pngFigure 2-1 Two Ports Network.
Insertion loss tells us about the amount of loss in the network. It’s a natural occurrence that occurs with all types of transmissions, whether it is data or electrical. Furthermore, as it is with basically all physical transmission lines or conductive paths, the longer the path, the more components along the line, the higher the loss. Insertion loss is mainly caused by ohmic loss, dielectric leakage which is an unavoidable loss as it is a property of conductor used for connecting the components and the resistors used.

Insertion loss and return loss are linked with the scattering perimeters when the source and the load of the system is matched to the same reference impedance (say 50 Ohms). S parameters are the modern way of analyzing N-port networks. It is very helpful in optimizing the circuit to its best. It is capable of determining even smaller return loss and insertion loss in the form of s-parameters namely S11, S22, S12, S21:

  1. S12 = forward transmission coefficient

  2. S21 = reverse transmission coefficient

  3. S11 = input reflection coefficient

  4. S22 = output reflection coefficient