ZHCSEI4C July   2012  – January 2016 LMK04816

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. 特性
  2. 应用
  3. 说明
  4. 修订历史记录
  5. Pin Configuration and Functions
  6. Specifications
    1. 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 6.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 6.4 Thermal Information
    5. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 6.6 Timing Requirements
    7. 6.7 Typical Characteristics: Clock Output AC Charcteristics
  7. Parameter Measurement Information
    1. 7.1 Charge Pump Current Specification Definitions
      1. 7.1.1 Charge-Pump Output Current Magnitude Variation vs Charge-Pump Output Voltage
      2. 7.1.2 Charge-Pump Sink Current vs Charge-Pump Output Source Current Mismatch
      3. 7.1.3 Charge-Pump Output Current Magnitude Variation vs Temperature
    2. 7.2 Differential Voltage Measurement Terminology
  8. Detailed Description
    1. 8.1 Overview
      1. 8.1.1  System Architecture
      2. 8.1.2  PLL1 Redundant Reference Inputs (CLKin0/CLKin0*, CLKin1/CLKin1*, and CLKin2/CLKin2*)
      3. 8.1.3  PLL1 Tunable Crystal Support
      4. 8.1.4  VCXO and CRYSTAL-Buffered Outputs
      5. 8.1.5  Frequency Holdover
      6. 8.1.6  Integrated Loop Filter Poles
      7. 8.1.7  Internal VCO
      8. 8.1.8  External VCO Mode
      9. 8.1.9  Clock Distribution
        1. 8.1.9.1 CLKout Divider
        2. 8.1.9.2 CLKout Delay
        3. 8.1.9.3 Programmable Output Type
        4. 8.1.9.4 Clock Output Synchronization
      10. 8.1.10 0-Delay
      11. 8.1.11 Default Start-Up Clocks
      12. 8.1.12 Status Pins
      13. 8.1.13 Register Readback
    2. 8.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 8.3 Feature Description
      1. 8.3.1  Serial MICROWIRE Timing Diagram
      2. 8.3.2  Advanced MICROWIRE Timing Diagrams
        1. 8.3.2.1 Three Extra Clocks or Double Program
        2. 8.3.2.2 Three Extra Clocks with LEuWire High
        3. 8.3.2.3 Readback
      3. 8.3.3  Inputs and Outputs
        1. 8.3.3.1 PLL1 Reference Inputs (CLKin0, CLKin1, and CLKin2)
        2. 8.3.3.2 PLL2 OSCin and OSCin* Port
        3. 8.3.3.3 Crystal Oscillator
      4. 8.3.4  Input Clock Switching
        1. 8.3.4.1 Input Clock Switching - Manual Mode
        2. 8.3.4.2 Input Clock Switching - Pin Select Mode
          1. 8.3.4.2.1 Pin Select Mode and Host
          2. 8.3.4.2.2 Switch Event Without Holdover
          3. 8.3.4.2.3 Switch Event With Holdover
        3. 8.3.4.3 Input Clock Switching - Automatic Mode
        4. 8.3.4.4 Input Clock Switching - Automatic Mode With Pin Select
      5. 8.3.5  Holdover Mode
        1. 8.3.5.1 Enable Holdover
        2. 8.3.5.2 Entering Holdover
        3. 8.3.5.3 During Holdover
        4. 8.3.5.4 Exiting holdover
        5. 8.3.5.5 Holdover Frequency Accuracy and DAC Performance
        6. 8.3.5.6 Holdover Mode - Automatic Exit of Holdover
      6. 8.3.6  PLLs
        1. 8.3.6.1 PLL1
        2. 8.3.6.2 PLL2
          1. 8.3.6.2.1 PLL2 Frequency Doubler
        3. 8.3.6.3 Digital Lock Detect
      7. 8.3.7  Status Pins
        1. 8.3.7.1 Logic Low
        2. 8.3.7.2 Digital Lock Detect
        3. 8.3.7.3 Holdover Status
        4. 8.3.7.4 DAC
        5. 8.3.7.5 PLL Divider Outputs
        6. 8.3.7.6 CLKinX_LOS
        7. 8.3.7.7 CLKinX Selected
        8. 8.3.7.8 MICROWIRE Readback
      8. 8.3.8  VCO
      9. 8.3.9  Clock Distribution
        1. 8.3.9.1 Fixed Digital Delay
          1. 8.3.9.1.1 Fixed Digital Delay - Example
        2. 8.3.9.2 Clock Output Synchronization (SYNC)
          1. 8.3.9.2.1 Effect of SYNC
          2. 8.3.9.2.2 Methods of Generating SYNC
          3. 8.3.9.2.3 Avoiding Clock Output Interruption due to SYNC
          4. 8.3.9.2.4 SYNC Timing
          5. 8.3.9.2.5 Dynamically Programming Digital Delay
            1. 8.3.9.2.5.1 Absolute versus Relative Dynamic Digital Delay
            2. 8.3.9.2.5.2 Dynamic Digital Delay and 0-Delay Mode
            3. 8.3.9.2.5.3 SYNC and Minimum Step Size
            4. 8.3.9.2.5.4 Programming Overview
            5. 8.3.9.2.5.5 Internal Dynamic Digital Delay Timing
            6. 8.3.9.2.5.6 Other Timing Requirements
            7. 8.3.9.2.5.7 Absolute Dynamic Digital Delay
              1. 8.3.9.2.5.7.1 Absolute Dynamic Digital Delay - Example
            8. 8.3.9.2.5.8 Relative Dynamic Digital Delay
              1. 8.3.9.2.5.8.1 Relative Dynamic Digital Delay - Example
      10. 8.3.10 0-Delay Mode
    4. 8.4 Device Functional Modes
      1. 8.4.1 Mode Selection
      2. 8.4.2 Operating Modes
        1. 8.4.2.1 Dual PLL
        2. 8.4.2.2 0-Delay Dual PLL
        3. 8.4.2.3 Single PLL
        4. 8.4.2.4 0-delay Single PLL
        5. 8.4.2.5 Clock Distribution
    5. 8.5 Programming
      1. 8.5.1 Special Programming Case for R0 to R5 for CLKoutX_Y_DIV and CLKoutX_Y_DDLY
        1. 8.5.1.1 Example
      2. 8.5.2 Recommended Programming Sequence
        1. 8.5.2.1 Overview
      3. 8.5.3 Readback
        1. 8.5.3.1 Readback - Example
    6. 8.6 Register Maps
      1. 8.6.1 Register Map and Readback Register Map
      2. 8.6.2 Default Device Register Settings After Power On Reset
      3. 8.6.3 Register Descriptions
        1. 8.6.3.1  Registers R0 to R5
          1. 8.6.3.1.1 CLKoutX_Y_PD, Powerdown CLKoutX_Y Output Path
          2. 8.6.3.1.2 CLKoutX_Y_OSCin_Sel, Clock group source
          3. 8.6.3.1.3 CLKoutY_ADLY_SEL[29], CLKoutX_ADLY_SEL[28], Select Analog Delay
          4. 8.6.3.1.4 CLKoutX_Y_DDLY, Clock Channel Digital Delay
          5. 8.6.3.1.5 RESET
          6. 8.6.3.1.6 POWERDOWN
          7. 8.6.3.1.7 CLKoutX_Y_HS, Digital Delay Half Shift
          8. 8.6.3.1.8 CLKoutX_Y_DIV, Clock Output Divide
        2. 8.6.3.2  Registers R6 TO R8
          1. 8.6.3.2.1 CLKoutX_TYPE
          2. 8.6.3.2.2 CLKoutX_Y_ADLY
        3. 8.6.3.3  Register R10
          1. 8.6.3.3.1 OSCout0_TYPE
          2. 8.6.3.3.2 EN_OSCout0, OSCout0 Output Enable
          3. 8.6.3.3.3 OSCout0_MUX, Clock Output Mux
          4. 8.6.3.3.4 PD_OSCin, OSCin Powerdown Control
          5. 8.6.3.3.5 OSCout_DIV, Oscillator Output Divide
          6. 8.6.3.3.6 VCO_MUX
          7. 8.6.3.3.7 EN_FEEDBACK_MUX
          8. 8.6.3.3.8 VCO_DIV, VCO Divider
          9. 8.6.3.3.9 FEEDBACK_MUX
        4. 8.6.3.4  Register R11
          1. 8.6.3.4.1 MODE: Device Mode
          2. 8.6.3.4.2 EN_SYNC, Enable Synchronization
          3. 8.6.3.4.3 NO_SYNC_CLKoutX_Y
          4. 8.6.3.4.4 SYNC_CLKin2_MUX
          5. 8.6.3.4.5 SYNC_QUAL
          6. 8.6.3.4.6 SYNC_POL_INV
          7. 8.6.3.4.7 SYNC_EN_AUTO
          8. 8.6.3.4.8 SYNC_TYPE
          9. 8.6.3.4.9 EN_PLL2_XTAL
        5. 8.6.3.5  Register R12
          1. 8.6.3.5.1 LD_MUX
          2. 8.6.3.5.2 LD_TYPE
          3. 8.6.3.5.3 SYNC_PLLX_DLD
          4. 8.6.3.5.4 EN_TRACK
          5. 8.6.3.5.5 HOLDOVER_MODE
        6. 8.6.3.6  Register R13
          1. 8.6.3.6.1 HOLDOVER_MUX
          2. 8.6.3.6.2 HOLDOVER_TYPE
          3. 8.6.3.6.3 Status_CLKin1_MUX
          4. 8.6.3.6.4 Status_CLKin0_TYPE
          5. 8.6.3.6.5 DISABLE_DLD1_DET
          6. 8.6.3.6.6 Status_CLKin0_MUX
          7. 8.6.3.6.7 CLKin_SELECT_MODE
          8. 8.6.3.6.8 CLKin_Sel_INV
          9. 8.6.3.6.9 EN_CLKinX
        7. 8.6.3.7  Register 14
          1. 8.6.3.7.1 LOS_TIMEOUT
          2. 8.6.3.7.2 EN_LOS
          3. 8.6.3.7.3 Status_CLKin1_TYPE
          4. 8.6.3.7.4 CLKinX_BUF_TYPE, PLL1 CLKinX/CLKinX* Buffer Type
          5. 8.6.3.7.5 DAC_HIGH_TRIP
          6. 8.6.3.7.6 DAC_LOW_TRIP
          7. 8.6.3.7.7 EN_VTUNE_RAIL_DET
        8. 8.6.3.8  Register 15
          1. 8.6.3.8.1 MAN_DAC
          2. 8.6.3.8.2 EN_MAN_DAC
          3. 8.6.3.8.3 HOLDOVER_DLD_CNT
          4. 8.6.3.8.4 FORCE_HOLDOVER
        9. 8.6.3.9  Register 16
          1. 8.6.3.9.1 XTAL_LVL
        10. 8.6.3.10 Register 23
          1. 8.6.3.10.1 DAC_CNT
        11. 8.6.3.11 REGISTER 24
          1. 8.6.3.11.1 PLL2_C4_LF, PLL2 Integrated Loop Filter Component
          2. 8.6.3.11.2 PLL2_C3_LF, PLL2 Integrated Loop Filter Component
          3. 8.6.3.11.3 PLL2_R4_LF, PLL2 Integrated Loop Filter Component
          4. 8.6.3.11.4 PLL2_R3_LF, PLL2 Integrated Loop Filter Component
          5. 8.6.3.11.5 PLL1_N_DLY
          6. 8.6.3.11.6 PLL1_R_DLY
          7. 8.6.3.11.7 PLL1_WND_SIZE
        12. 8.6.3.12 Register 25
          1. 8.6.3.12.1 DAC_CLK_DIV
          2. 8.6.3.12.2 PLL1_DLD_CNT
        13. 8.6.3.13 Register 26
          1. 8.6.3.13.1 PLL2_WND_SIZE
          2. 8.6.3.13.2 EN_PLL2_REF_2X, PLL2 Reference Frequency Doubler
          3. 8.6.3.13.3 PLL2_CP_POL, PLL2 Charge Pump Polarity
          4. 8.6.3.13.4 PLL2_CP_GAIN, PLL2 Charge Pump Current
          5. 8.6.3.13.5 PLL2_DLD_CNT
          6. 8.6.3.13.6 PLL2_CP_TRI, PLL2 Charge Pump Tri-State
        14. 8.6.3.14 Register 27
          1. 8.6.3.14.1 PLL1_CP_POL, PLL1 Charge Pump Polarity
          2. 8.6.3.14.2 PLL1_CP_GAIN, PLL1 Charge Pump Current
          3. 8.6.3.14.3 CLKinX_PreR_DIV
          4. 8.6.3.14.4 PLL1_R, PLL1 R Divider
          5. 8.6.3.14.5 PLL1_CP_TRI, PLL1 Charge Pump Tri-State
        15. 8.6.3.15 Register 28
          1. 8.6.3.15.1 PLL2_R, PLL2 R Divider
          2. 8.6.3.15.2 PLL1_N, PLL1 N Divider
        16. 8.6.3.16 Register 29
          1. 8.6.3.16.1 OSCin_FREQ, PLL2 Oscillator Input Frequency Register
          2. 8.6.3.16.2 PLL2_FAST_PDF, High PLL2 Phase Detector Frequency
          3. 8.6.3.16.3 PLL2_N_CAL, PLL2 N Calibration Divider
        17. 8.6.3.17 Register 30
          1. 8.6.3.17.1 PLL2_P, PLL2 N Prescaler Divider
          2. 8.6.3.17.2 PLL2_N, PLL2 N Divider
        18. 8.6.3.18 Register 31
          1. 8.6.3.18.1 READBACK_LE
          2. 8.6.3.18.2 READBACK_ADDR
          3. 8.6.3.18.3 uWire_LOCK
  9. Application and Implementation
    1. 9.1 Application Information
      1. 9.1.1 Loop Filter
        1. 9.1.1.1 PLL1
        2. 9.1.1.2 PLL2
      2. 9.1.2 Driving CLKin and OSCin Inputs
        1. 9.1.2.1 Driving CLKin Pins With a Differential Source
        2. 9.1.2.2 Driving CLKin Pins With a Single-Ended Source
      3. 9.1.3 Termination and Use of Clock Output (Drivers)
        1. 9.1.3.1 Termination for DC-Coupled Differential Operation
        2. 9.1.3.2 Termination for AC-Coupled Differential Operation
        3. 9.1.3.3 Termination for Single-Ended Operation
      4. 9.1.4 Frequency Planning With the LMK04816
      5. 9.1.5 PLL Programming
        1. 9.1.5.1 Example PLL2 N Divider Programming
      6. 9.1.6 Digital Lock Detect Frequency Accuracy
        1. 9.1.6.1 Minimum Lock Time Calculation Example
      7. 9.1.7 Calculating Dynamic Digital Delay Values for Any Divide
        1. 9.1.7.1 Example
      8. 9.1.8 Optional Crystal Oscillator Implementation (OSCin and OSCin*)
    2. 9.2 Typical Application
      1. 9.2.1 Design Requirements
      2. 9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        1. 9.2.2.1 Device Selection
          1. 9.2.2.1.1 Clock Architect
          2. 9.2.2.1.2 Clock Design Tool
          3. 9.2.2.1.3 Calculation Using LCM
        2. 9.2.2.2 Device Configuration
          1. 9.2.2.2.1 PLL LO Reference
          2. 9.2.2.2.2 POR Clock
        3. 9.2.2.3 PLL Loop Filter Design
          1. 9.2.2.3.1 PLL1 Loop Filter Design
          2. 9.2.2.3.2 PLL2 Loop Filter Design
        4. 9.2.2.4 Clock Output Assignment
        5. 9.2.2.5 Other Device Specific Configuration
          1. 9.2.2.5.1 Digital Lock Detect
          2. 9.2.2.5.2 Holdover
        6. 9.2.2.6 Device Programming
      3. 9.2.3 Application Curve
    3. 9.3 System Examples
  10. 10Power Supply Recommendations
    1. 10.1 Pin Connection Recommendations
      1. 10.1.1 Vcc Pins and Decoupling
        1. 10.1.1.1 Vcc2, Vcc3, Vcc10, Vcc11, Vcc12, Vcc13 (CLKout Vccs)
        2. 10.1.1.2 Vcc1 (VCO), Vcc4 (Digital), and Vcc9 (PLL2)
        3. 10.1.1.3 Vcc6 (PLL1 Charge Pump) and Vcc8 (PLL2 Charge Pump)
        4. 10.1.1.4 Vcc5 (CLKin), Vcc7 (OSCin and OSCout0)
      2. 10.1.2 LVPECL Outputs
      3. 10.1.3 Unused Clock Outputs
      4. 10.1.4 Unused Clock Inputs
      5. 10.1.5 LDO Bypass
    2. 10.2 Current Consumption and Power Dissipation Calculations
  11. 11Layout
    1. 11.1 Layout Guidelines
    2. 11.2 Layout Example
  12. 12器件和文档支持
    1. 12.1 器件支持
      1. 12.1.1 开发支持
    2. 12.2 文档支持
      1. 12.2.1 相关文档
    3. 12.3 社区资源
    4. 12.4 商标
    5. 12.5 静电放电警告
    6. 12.6 Glossary
  13. 13机械、封装和可订购信息

封装选项

机械数据 (封装 | 引脚)
散热焊盘机械数据 (封装 | 引脚)
订购信息

9 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following Applications section is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI's customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

9.1 Application Information

9.1.1 Loop Filter

Each PLL of the LMK04816 requires a dedicated loop filter.

9.1.1.1 PLL1

The loop filter for PLL1 must be connected to the CPout1 pin. Figure 22 shows a simple 2-pole loop filter. The output of the filter drives an external VCXO module or discrete implementation of a VCXO using a crystal resonator and external varactor diode. Higher order loop filters may be implemented using additional external R and C components. It is recommended the loop filter for PLL1 result in a total closed loop bandwidth in the range of 10 Hz to 200 Hz. The design of the loop filter is application specific and highly dependent on parameters such as the phase noise of the reference clock, VCXO phase noise, and phase detector frequency for PLL1. TI's Clock Conditioner Owner’s Manual (SNAA103) covers this topic in detail and TI's Clock Design Tool can be used to simulate loop filter designs for both PLLs.

9.1.1.2 PLL2

As shown in Figure 22, the charge pump for PLL2 is directly connected to the optional internal loop filter components, which are normally used only if either a third or fourth pole is needed. The first and second poles are implemented with external components. The loop must be designed to be stable over the entire application-specific tuning range of the VCO. The designer must note the range of KVCO listed in the table of Electrical Characteristics and how this value can change over the expected range of VCO tuning frequencies. Because loop bandwidth is directly proportional to KVCO, the designer must model and simulate the loop at the expected extremes of the desired tuning range, using the appropriate values for KVCO.

When designing with the integrated loop filter for the LMK04816 , considerations for minimum resistor thermal noise often lead one to the decision to design for the minimum value for integrated resistors, R3 and R4.

Both the integrated loop filter resistors (R3 and R4) and capacitors (C3 and C4) also restrict the maximum loop bandwidth. However, these integrated components do have the advantage that they are closer to the VCO and can therefore filter out some noise and spurs better than external components. For this reason, a common strategy is to minimize the internal loop filter resistors and then design for the largest internal capacitor values that permit a wide enough loop bandwidth. In situations where spur requirements are very stringent and there is margin on phase noise, a feasible strategy would be to design a loop filter with integrated resistor values larger than their minimum value.

LMK04816 30179371.gif Figure 22. PLL1 and PLL2 Loop Filters

9.1.2 Driving CLKin and OSCin Inputs

9.1.2.1 Driving CLKin Pins With a Differential Source

All three CLKin ports can be driven by differential signals. TI recommends that the input mode be set to bipolar (CLKinX_BUF_TYPE = 0) when using differential reference clocks. The LMK04816 internally biases the input pins so the differential interface must be AC-coupled. The recommended circuits for driving the CLKin pins with either LVDS or LVPECL are shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24.

LMK04816 30179381.gif Figure 23. CLKinX/X* Termination for an LVDS Reference Clock Source
LMK04816 30179387.gif Figure 24. CLKinX/X* Termination for an LVPECL Reference Clock Source

Finally, a reference clock source that produces a differential sine wave output can drive the CLKin pins using Figure 25.

NOTE

The signal level must conform to the requirements for the CLKin pins listed in the Electrical Characteristics table.

LMK04816 30179324.gif Figure 25. CLKinX/X* Termination for a Differential Sinewave Reference Clock Source

9.1.2.2 Driving CLKin Pins With a Single-Ended Source

The CLKin pins of the LMK04816 can be driven using a single-ended reference clock source, for example, either a sinewave source or an LVCMOS or LVTTL source. Either AC coupling or DC coupling may be used. In the case of the sine wave source that is expecting a 50-Ω load, TI recommends that AC coupling be used as shown in the circuit below with a 50-Ω termination.

NOTE

The signal level must conform to the requirements for the CLKin pins listed in the Electrical Characteristics table. CLKinX_BUF_TYPE in Register 11 is recommended to be set to bipolar mode (CLKinX_BUF_TYPE = 0).

LMK04816 30179322.gif Figure 26. CLKinX/X* Single-Ended Termination

If the CLKin pins are being driven with a single-ended LVCMOS/LVTTL source, either DC coupling or AC coupling may be used. If DC coupling is used, the CLKinX_BUF_TYPE must be set to MOS buffer mode (CLKinX_BUF_TYPE = 1) and the voltage swing of the source must meet the specifications for DC-coupled, MOS-mode clock inputs given in the table of Electrical Characteristics. If AC coupling is used, the CLKinX_BUF_TYPE must be set to the bipolar buffer mode (CLKinX_BUF_TYPE = 0). The voltage swing at the input pins must meet the specifications for AC-coupled, bipolar mode clock inputs given in the table of Electrical Characteristics. In this case, some attenuation of the clock input level may be required. A simple resistive divider circuit before the AC-coupling capacitor is sufficient.

LMK04816 30179385.gif Figure 27. DC-Coupled LVCMOS and LVTTL Reference Clock

9.1.3 Termination and Use of Clock Output (Drivers)

When terminating clock drivers keep in mind these guidelines for optimum phase noise and jitter performance:

  • Transmission line theory must be followed for good impedance matching to prevent reflections.
  • Clock drivers must be presented with the proper loads. For example:
    • LVDS drivers are current drivers and require a closed current loop.
    • LVPECL drivers are open emitters and require a DC path to ground.
  • Receivers must be presented with a signal biased to their specified DC bias level (common-mode voltage) for proper operation. Some receivers have self-biasing inputs that automatically bias to the proper voltage level. In this case, the signal must normally be AC-coupled.

It is possible to drive a non-LVPECL or non-LVDS receiver with an LVDS or LVPECL driver as long as the above guidelines are followed. Check the datasheet of the receiver or input being driven to determine the best termination and coupling method to be sure that the receiver is biased at its optimum DC voltage (common-mode voltage). For example, when driving the OSCin and OSCin* input of the LMK04816, OSCin and OSCin* must be AC-coupled because OSCin and OSCin* biases the signal to the proper DC level (See Figure 41) This is only slightly different from the AC-coupled cases described in Driving CLKin Pins With a Single-Ended Source because the DC-blocking capacitors are placed between the termination and the OSCin and OSCin* pins, but the concept remains the same. The receiver (OSCin and OSCin*) sets the input to the optimum DC bias voltage (common-mode voltage), not the driver.

9.1.3.1 Termination for DC-Coupled Differential Operation

For DC-coupled operation of an LVDS driver, terminate with 100 Ω as close as possible to the LVDS receiver as shown in Figure 28.

LMK04816 30179320.gif Figure 28. Differential LVDS Operation, DC Coupling, No Biasing of the Receiver

For DC-coupled operation of an LVPECL driver, terminate with 50 Ω to VCC – 2 V as shown in Figure 29. Alternatively terminate with a Thevenin equivalent circuit (120-Ω resistor connected to VCC and an 82-Ω resistor connected to ground with the driver connected to the junction of the 120-Ω and 82-Ω resistors) as shown in Figure 30 for VCC = 3.3 V.

LMK04816 30179318.gif Figure 29. Differential LVPECL Operation, DC Coupling
LMK04816 30179321.gif Figure 30. Differential LVPECL Operation, DC Coupling, Thevenin Equivalent

9.1.3.2 Termination for AC-Coupled Differential Operation

AC coupling allows for shifting the DC bias level (common-mode voltage) when driving different receiver standards. Because AC coupling prevents the driver from providing a DC bias voltage at the receiver it is important to ensure the receiver is biased to its ideal DC level.

When driving non-biased LVDS receivers with an LVDS driver, the signal may be AC-coupled by adding DC-blocking capacitors, however the proper DC bias point needs to be established at the receiver. One way to do this is with the termination circuitry in Figure 31.

LMK04816 30179319.gif Figure 31. Differential LVDS Operation, AC Coupling, External Biasing at the Receiver

Some LVDS receivers may have internal biasing on the inputs. In this case, the circuit shown in Figure 31 is modified by replacing the 50-Ω terminations to Vbias with a single 100-Ω resistor across the input pins of the receiver, as shown in Figure 32. When using AC coupling with LVDS outputs, there may be a start-up delay observed in the clock output due to capacitor charging. The previous figures employ a 0.1-µF capacitor. This value may need to be adjusted to meet the start-up requirements for a particular application.

LMK04816 30179382.gif Figure 32. LVDS Termination for a Self-Biased Receiver

LVPECL drivers require a DC path to ground. When AC coupling an LVPECL signal use 120-Ω emitter resistors close to the LVPECL driver to provide a DC path to ground as shown in Figure 33. For proper receiver operation, the signal must be biased to the DC bias level (common-mode voltage) specified by the receiver. The typical DC bias voltage for LVPECL receivers is 2 V. A Thevenin equivalent circuit (82-Ω resistor connected to VCC and a 120-Ω resistor connected to ground with the driver connected to the junction of the 82-Ω and 120-Ω resistors) is a valid termination as shown in Figure 33 for VCC = 3.3 V.

NOTE

This Thevenin circuit is different from the DC-coupled example in Figure 30.

LMK04816 30179317.gif Figure 33. Differential LVPECL Operation, AC Coupling, Thevenin Equivalent, External Biasing at the Receiver

9.1.3.3 Termination for Single-Ended Operation

A balun can be used with either LVDS or LVPECL drivers to convert the balanced, differential signal into an unbalanced, single-ended signal.

It is possible to use an LVPECL driver as one or two separate 800-mVpp signals. When using only one LVPECL driver of a CLKoutX and CLKoutX* pair, be sure to properly terminated the unused driver. When DC coupling one of the LMK04816 clock LVPECL drivers, the termination must be 50 Ω to VCC – 2 V as shown in Figure 34. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is also a valid termination as shown in Figure 35 for Vcc = 3.3 V.

LMK04816 30179315.gif Figure 34. Single-Ended LVPECL Operation, DC Coupling
LMK04816 30179316.gif Figure 35. Single-Ended LVPECL Operation, DC Coupling, Thevenin Equivalent

When AC-coupling an LVPECL driver use a 120-Ω emitter resistor to provide a DC path to ground and ensure a 50-Ω termination with the proper DC bias level for the receiver. The typical DC bias voltage for LVPECL receivers is 2 V (See Driving CLKin Pins With a Single-Ended Source). If the companion driver is not used it must be terminated with either a proper AC or DC termination. This latter example of AC-coupling a single-ended LVPECL signal can be used to measure single-ended LVPECL performance using a spectrum analyzer or phase noise analyzer. When using most RF test equipment no DC bias point (0 VDC) is required for safe and proper operation. The internal 50-Ω termination of the test equipment correctly terminates the LVPECL driver being measured as shown in Figure 36.

LMK04816 30179314.gif Figure 36. Single-Ended LVPECL Operation, AC Coupling

9.1.4 Frequency Planning With the LMK04816

NOTE

Refer to application note AN-1865 Frequency Synthesis and Planning for PLL Architectures (SNAA061) for more information on this topic and LCM calculations.

Calculating the value of the output dividers for use with the LMK04816 is simple due to the architecture of the LMK04816. That is, the VCO divider may be bypassed and the clock output dividers allow for even and odd output divide values from 2 to 1045. For most applications, TI recommends to bypass the VCO divider.

The procedure for determining the needed LMK04816 device and clock output divider values for a set of clock output frequencies is straightforward.

  1. Calculate the least common multiple (LCM) of the clock output frequencies.
  2. Determine which VCO ranges supports the target clock output frequencies given the LCM.
  3. Determine the clock output divide values based on VCO frequency.
  4. Determine the PLL2 reference frequency doubler mode and PLL2_P, PLL2_N, and PLL2_R divider values given the OSCin VCXO or crystal frequency and VCO frequency.

For example, given the following target output frequencies: 200 MHz, 120 MHz, and 25 MHz with a VCXO frequency of 40 MHz:

  • First determine the LCM of the three frequencies. LCM(200 MHz, 120 MHz, 25 MHz) = 600 MHz. The LCM frequency is the lowest frequency for which all of the target output frequencies are integer divisors of the LCM.
  • NOTE

    If there is one frequency that causes the LCM to be very large, greater than 3 GHz for example, determine if there is a single frequency requirement which causes this. It may be possible to select the VCXO/crystal frequency to satisfy this frequency requirement through OSCout or CLKout6/7/8/9 driven by OSCin. In this way, it is possible to get non-integer related frequencies at the outputs.

  • Second, because the LCM is not in a VCO frequency range supported by the LMK04816, multiply the LCM frequency by an integer which causes it to fall into a valid VCO frequency range of an LMK04816 device. In this case 600 MHz × 4 = 2400 MHz which is valid for the LMK04816.
  • Third, continuing the example by using a VCO frequency of 2400 MHz and the LMK04816, the CLKout dividers can be calculated by simply dividing the VCO frequency by the output frequency. To output 200 MHz, 120 MHz, and 25 MHz the output dividers are 12, 20, and 96 respectively.
    • 2400 MHz / 200 MHz = 12
    • 2400 MHz / 120 MHz = 20
    • 2400 MHz / 25 MHz = 96
  • Fourth, PLL2 must be locked to its input reference. Refer to PLL Programming for more information on this topic. By programming the clock output dividers and the PLL2 dividers the VCO can lock to the frequency of 2400 MHz and the clock output dividers each divide the VCO frequency down to the target output frequencies of 200 MHz, 120 MHz, and 25 MHz.

9.1.5 PLL Programming

To lock a PLL the divided reference and divided feedback from VCO or VCXO must result in the same phase detector frequency. The tables below illustrate how the divides are structured for the reference path (R) and feedback path (N) depending on the MODE of the device.

Table 110. PLL1 Phase Detector Frequency — Reference Path (R)

MODE (R) PLL1 PDF =
All CLKinX Frequency / CLKinX_PreR_DIV / PLL1_R

Table 111. PLL1 Phase Detector Frequency — Feedback Path (N)

MODE VCO_MUX OSCout0 PLL1 PDF (N) =
Internal VCO Dual PLL Bypass VCXO Frequency / PLL1_N
Divided VCXO Frequency / OSCin_DIV / PLL1_N
Internal VCO with 0-delay Bypass VCO Frequency / CLKoutX_Y_DIV / PLL1_N (1)
Divided VCO Frequency / VCO_DIV / CLKoutX_Y_DIV / PLL1_N (1)
(1) The actual CLKoutX_Y_DIV used is selected by FEEDBACK_MUX.

Table 112. PLL2 Phase Detector Frequency — Reference Path (R)

EN_PLL2_REF_2X PLL2 PDF (R) =
Disabled OSCin Frequency / PLL2_R (1)
Enabled OSCin Frequency * 2 / PLL2_R (1)
(1) For applications in which the OSCin frequency and PLL2 phase detector frequency are equal, the best PLL2 in-band noise can be achieved when the doubler is enabled (EN_PLL2_REF_2X = 1) and the PLL2 R divide value is 2. Do not use doubler disabled (EN_PLL2_REF_2X = 0) and PLL2 R divide value of 1.

Table 113. PLL2 Phase Detector Frequency — Feedback Path (N)

MODE VCO_MUX PLL2 PDF (N) =
Dual PLL VCO VCO Frequency / PLL2_P / PLL2_N
Dual PLL with 0-delay
Single PLL
Dual PLL VCO Divider VCO Frequency / VCO_DIV / PLL2_P / PLL2_N
Dual PLL with 0-delay
Single PLL
Dual PLL External VCO VCO Frequency / VCO_DIV / PLL2_P / PLL2_N
Dual PLL External VCO with 0-delay
Single PLL with 0-delay VCO VCO Frequency / CLKoutX_Y_DIV / PLL2_N
VCO Divider VCO Frequency / VCO_DIV / CLKoutX_Y_DIV / PLL2_N

Table 114. PLL2 Phase Detector Frequency — Feedback Path (N) During VCO Frequency Calibration

MODE VCO_MUX PLL2 PDF (N_CAL) =
All Internal VCO Modes VCO VCO Frequency / PLL2_P / PLL2_N_CAL
VCO Divider VCO Frequency / VCO_DIV / PLL2_P / PLL2_N_CAL

9.1.5.1 Example PLL2 N Divider Programming

To program PLL2 to lock an LMK04816 using Dual PLL mode to a VCO frequency of 2400 MHz using a 40-MHz VCXO reference, first determine the total PLL2 N divide value. This is VCO Frequency / PLL2 phase detector frequency. This example assumes the PLL2 reference frequency doubler is enabled and a PLL2 R divide value of 2 (see Footnote (1) in Table 112) which results in PLL2 phase detector frequency the same as PLL2 reference frequency (40 MHz). 2400 MHz / 40 MHz = 60, so the total PLL2 N divide value is 60.

The dividers in the PLL2 N feedback path for dual PLL mode include PLL2_P and PLL2_N. PLL2_P can be programmed from 2 to 8 even and odd. PLL2_N can be programmed from 1 to 263,143 even and odd. Because the total PLL2 N divide value of 60 contains the factors 2, 3, and 5, it would be allowable to program PLL2_P to 2, 3 or 5. It is simplest to use the smallest divide, so PLL2_P = 2, and PLL2_N = 30 which results in a Total PLL2 N = 60.

For this example and in most cases, PLL2_N_CAL has the same value as PLL2_N. However when using Single PLL mode with 0-delay, the values differ. When using an external VCO, PLL2_N_CAL value is unused.

9.1.6 Digital Lock Detect Frequency Accuracy

The digital lock detect circuit is used to determine PLL1 locked, PLL2 locked, and holdover exit events. A window size and lock count register are programmed to set a ppm frequency accuracy of reference to feedback signals of the PLL for each event to occur. When a PLL digital lock event occurs the digital lock detect of the PLL is asserted true. When the holdover exit event occurs, the device exits holdover mode.

EVENT PLL WINDOW SIZE LOCK COUNT
PLL1 Locked PLL1 PLL1_WND_SIZE PLL1_DLD_CNT
PLL2 Locked PLL2 PLL2_WND_SIZE PLL2_DLD_CNT
Holdover exit PLL1 PLL1_WND_SIZE HOLDOVER_DLD_CNT

For a digital lock detect event to occur there must be a lock count number of phase detector cycles of PLLX during which the time and phase error of the PLLX_R reference and PLLX_N feedback signal edges are within the user programmable window size. Because there must be at least lock count phase detector events before a lock event occurs, a minimum digital lock event time can be calculated as lock count / fPDX where X = 1 for PLL1 or 2 for PLL2.

By using Equation 8, values for a lock count and window size can be chosen to set the frequency accuracy required by the system in ppm before the digital lock detect event occurs:

Equation 8. LMK04816 30179362.gif

The effect of the lock count value is that it shortens the effective lock window size by dividing the window size by lock count.

If at any time the PLLX_R reference and PLLX_N feedback signals are outside the time window set by window size, then the lock count value is reset to 0.

9.1.6.1 Minimum Lock Time Calculation Example

To calculate the minimum PLL2 digital lock time given a PLL2 phase detector frequency of 40 MHz and PLL2_DLD_CNT = 10,000. Then the minimum lock time of PLL2 is 10,000 / 40 MHz = 250 µs.

9.1.7 Calculating Dynamic Digital Delay Values for Any Divide

This section explains how to calculate the dynamic digital delay for any divide value.

Dynamic digital delay allows the time offset between two or more clock outputs to be adjusted with no or minimal interruption of clock outputs. Because the clock outputs are operating at a known frequency, the time offset can also be expressed as a phase shift. When dynamically adjusting the digital delay of clock outputs with different frequencies the phase shift must be expressed in terms of the higher frequency clock. The step size of the smallest time adjustment possible is equal to half the period of the Clock Distribution Path, which is the VCO frequency (Equation 6) or the VCO frequency divided by the VCO divider (Equation 7) if not bypassed. The smallest degree phase adjustment with respect to a clock frequency is 360 × the smallest time adjustment × the clock frequency. The total number of phase offsets that the LMK04816 is able to achieve using dynamic digital delay is equal 1 / (higher clock frequency × the smallest phase adjustment).

Equation 9 calculates the digital delay value that must be programmed for a synchronizing clock to achieve a 0 time and phase offset from the qualifying clock. Once this digital delay value is known, it is possible to calculate the digital delay value for any phase offset. The qualifying clock for dynamic digital delay is selected by the FEEDBACK_MUX. When dynamic digital delay is engaged with same clock output used for the qualifying clock and the new synchronized clock, it is termed relative dynamic digital delay because causing another SYNC event with the same digital delay value offsets the clock by the same phase once again. The important part of relative dynamic digital delay is that the CLKoutX_Y_HS must be programmed correctly when the SYNC event occurs (Table 6). This can result in needing to program the device twice. Once to set the new CLKoutX_Y_DDLY with CLKoutX_Y_HS as required for the SYNC event, and again to set the CLKoutX_Y_HS to its desired value.

Digital delay values are programmed using the CLKoutX_Y_DDLY and CLKoutX_Y_HS registers as shown in Equation 10. For example, to achieve a digital delay of 13.5, program CLKoutX_Y_DDLY = 14 and CLKoutX_Y_HS = 1.

Equation 9. LMK04816 30179358.gif

Equation 9 uses the ceiling operator. To find the ceiling of a fractional number round up. An integer remains the same value.

Equation 10. Digital delay = CLKoutX_Y_DDLY - (0.5 * CLKoutX_Y_HS)

NOTE

Because the digital delay value for 0 time/phase offset is a function of the qualifying clock's divide value, the resulting digital delay value can be used for any clock output operating at any frequency to achieve a 0 time/phase offset from the qualifying clock. Therefore the calculated time shift table also is the same as in Table 115.

9.1.7.1 Example

Consider a system with:

  • A VCO frequency of 2400 MHz
  • The VCO divider is bypassed, therefore the clock distribution path frequency is 2400 MHz.
  • CLKout0_1_DIV = 12 resulting in a 200-MHz frequency on CLKout0
  • CLKout2_3_DIV = 24 resulting in a 100-MHz frequency on CLKout2

For this system the minimum time adjustment is 0.21 ns, which is 0.5 / (2000 MHz). Because the higher frequency is 200 MHz, phase adjustments are calculated with respect to the 200-MHz frequency. The 0.21-ns minimum time adjustment results in a minimum phase adjustment of 18 degrees, which is 360 degrees / 200 MHz × 0.21 ns.

To calculate the digital delay value to achieve a 0 time/phase shift of CLKout2 when CLKout0 is the qualifying clock. Solve Equation 9 using the divide value of 10. To solve the equation 16/10 = 1.6, the ceiling of 1.6 is 2. Then to finish solving the equation solve (2 + 0.5) × 10 – 11.5 = 13.5. A digital delay value of 13.5 is programmed by setting CLKout2_3_DDLY = 14 and CLKout2_3_HS = 1.

To calculate the digital delay value to achieve a 0 time and phase shift of CLKout0 when CLKout2 is the qualifying clock, solve Equation 9 using the divide value of CLKout2, which is 20. This results in a digital delay of 18.5 which is programmed as CLKout0_1_DDLY = 19 and CLKout0_1_HS = 1.

Once the 0 time and phase shift digital delay programming value is known a table can be constructed with the digital delay value to be programmed for any time or phase offset by decrementing or incrementing the digital delay value by 0.5 for the minimum time and phase adjustment.

A complete filled out table for use of CLKout0 as the qualifying clock is shown in Table 115. It was created by entering a digital delay of 13.5 for 0 degree phase shift, then decrementing the digital delay down to the minimum value of 4.5. Because this did not result in all the possible phase shifts, the digital delay was then incremented from 13.5 to 14.0 to complete all possible phase shifts.

Table 115. Example Digital Delay Calculation

DIGITAL DELAY CALCULATED TIME SHIFT
(ns)
RELATIVE TIME SHIFT
TO 200 MHz (ns)
PHASE SHIFT OF 200 MHz
(DEGREES)
4.5 –4.5 0.5 36
5 –4.25 0.75 54
5.5 –4.0 1.0 72
6 –3.75 1.25 90
6.5 –3.5 1.5 108
7 –3.25 1.75 126
7.5 –3.0 2.0 144
8 –2.75 2.25 162
8.5 –2.5 2.5 180
9 –2.25 2.75 198
9.5 –2.0 3.0 216
10 –1.75 3.25 234
10.5 –1.5 3.5 252
11 –1.25 3.75 270
11.5 –1.0 4.0 288
12 –0.75 4.25 306
12.5 –0.5 4.5 324
13 –0.25 4.75 342
13.5 0 0 0
14 0.25 0.25 18
14.5 0.5 0.5 36

Observe that the digital delay value of 4.5 and 14.5 achieves the same relative time shift/phase delay. However programming a digital delay of 14.5 results in a clock off time for the synchronizing clock to achieve the same phase time shift and phase delay.

Digital delay value is programmed as CLKoutX_Y_DDLY – (0.5 × CLKoutX_Y_HS). So to achieve a digital delay of 13.5, program CLKoutX_Y_DDLY = 14 and CLKoutX_Y_HS = 1. To achieve a digital delay of 14, program CLKoutX_Y_DDLY = 14 and CLKoutX_Y_HS = 0.

9.1.8 Optional Crystal Oscillator Implementation (OSCin and OSCin*)

The LMK04816 features supporting circuitry for a discretely implemented oscillator driving the OSCin port pins. Figure 37 shows a reference design circuit for a crystal oscillator:

LMK04816 30179363.gif Figure 37. Reference Design Circuit for Crystal Oscillator Option

This circuit topology represents a parallel resonant mode oscillator design. When selecting a crystal for parallel resonance, the total load capacitance, CL, must be specified. The load capacitance is the sum of the tuning capacitance (CTUNE), the capacitance seen looking into the OSCin port (CIN), and stray capacitance due to PCB parasitics (CSTRAY), and is given by Equation 11.

Equation 11. LMK04816 30179364.gif

CTUNE is provided by the varactor diode shown in Figure 37, Skyworks model SMV1249-074LF. A dual-diode package with common cathode provides the variable capacitance for tuning. The single-diode capacitance ranges from approximately 31 pF at 0.3 V to 3.4 pF at 3 V. The capacitance range of the dual package (anode to anode) is approximately 15.5 pF at 3 V to 1.7 pF at 0.3 V. The desired value of VTUNE applied to the diode must be VCC / 2, or 1.65 V for VCC = 3.3 V. The typical performance curve from the data sheet for the SMV1249-074LF indicates that the capacitance at this voltage is approximately 6 pF (12 pF / 2).

The nominal input capacitance (CIN) of the LMK04816 OSCin pins is 6 pF. The stray capacitance (CSTRAY) of the PCB must be minimized by arranging the oscillator circuit layout to achieve trace lengths as short as possible and as narrow as possible trace width (50-Ω characteristic impedance is not required). As an example, assume that CSTRAY is 4 pF. The total load capacitance is nominally:

Equation 12. LMK04816 30179365.gif

Consequently the load capacitance specification for the crystal in this case must be nominally 14 pF.

The 2.2-nF capacitors shown in the circuit are coupling capacitors that block the DC tuning voltage applied by the 4.7-kΩ and 10-kΩ resistors. The value of these coupling capacitors must be large, relative to the value of CTUNE (CC1 = CC2 >> CTUNE), so that CTUNE becomes the dominant capacitance.

For a specific value of CL, the corresponding resonant frequency (FL) of the parallel resonant mode circuit is calculated Equation 13:

Equation 13. LMK04816 30179366.gif

where

  • FS = Series resonant frequency
  • C1 = Motional capacitance of the crystal
  • CL = Load capacitance
  • C0 = Shunt capacitance of the crystal, specified on the crystal datasheet

The normalized tuning range of the circuit is closely approximated by Equation 14:

Equation 14. LMK04816 30179367.gif

CL1, CL2 = The endpoints of the circuit’s load capacitance range, assuming a variable capacitance element is one component of the load. FCL1, FCL2 = parallel resonant frequencies at the extremes of the circuit’s load capacitance range.

A common range for the pullability ratio, C0 / C1, is 250 to 280. The ratio of the load capacitance to the shunt capacitance is approximately (n × 1000), n < 10. Hence, picking a crystal with a smaller pullability ratio supports a wider tuning range because this allows the scale factors related to the load capacitance to dominate.

Examples of the phase noise and jitter performance of the LMK04816 with a crystal oscillator are shown in Table 116. This table shows the clock output phase noise when a 20.48-MHz crystal is paired with PLL1.

Table 116. Example RMS Jitter and Clock Output Phase Noise for LMK04816 with a
20.48 MHz Crystal Driving OSCin (T = 25 °C, VCC = 3.3 V) (1)

RMS JITTER (ps)
INTEGRATION BANDWIDTH CLOCK OUTPUT TYPE PLL2 PDF = 20.48 MHz
(EN_PLL2_REF2X = 0, XTAL_LVL = 3)
PLL2 PDF = 40.96 MHz
(EN_PLL2_REF2X = 1, XTAL_LVL = 3)
fCLK = 245.76 MHz fCLK = 122.88 MHz fCLK = 245.76 MHz
100 Hz – 20 MHz LVCMOS 374 412 382
LVDS 419 421 372
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp 460 448 440
10 kHz – 20 MHz LVCMOS 226 195 190
LVDS 231 205 194
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp 226 191 188
Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)
Offset Clock Output Type PLL2 PDF = 20.48 MHz
(EN_PLL2_REF2X = 0, XTAL_LVL = 3)
PLL2 PDF = 40.96 MHz
(EN_PLL2_REF2X = 1, XTAL_LVL = 3)
fCLK = 245.76 MHz fCLK = 122.88 MHz fCLK = 245.76 MHz
100 Hz LVCMOS –87 –93 –87
LVDS –86 –91 –86
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –86 –92 –85
1 kHz LVCMOS –115 –121 –115
LVDS –115 –123 –116
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –114 –122 –116
10 kHz LVCMOS –117 –128 –122
LVDS –117 –128 –122
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –117 –128 –122
100 kHz LVCMOS –130 –135 –129
LVDS –130 –135 –129
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –129 –135 –129
1 MHz LVCMOS –150 –154 –148
LVDS –149 –153 –148
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –150 –154 –148
40 MHz LVCMOS –159 –162 –159
LVDS –157 –159 –157
LVPECL 1.6 Vpp –159 -161 –159
(1) Performance data and crystal specifications contained in this section are based on Vectron model VXB1-1150-20M480, 20.48 MHz. PLL1 has a narrow loop bandwidth, PLL2 loop parameters are: C1 = 150 pF, C2 = 120 nF, R2 = 470 Ω, charge-pump current = 3.2 mA, Phase detector frequency = 20.48 MHz or 40.96 MHz, VCO frequency = 2457.6 MHz. Loop filter was optimized for 40.96-MHz phase detector performance.

Example crystal specifications are presented in Table 117.

Table 117. Example Crystal Specifications

PARAMETER VALUE
Nominal Frequency (MHz) 20.48
Frequency Stability, T = 25°C ±10 ppm
Operating temperature range –40°C to +85°C
Frequency Stability, –40°C to +85°C ±15 ppm
Load Capacitance 14 pF
Shunt Capacitance (C0) 5 pF Maximum
Motional Capacitance (C1) 20 fF ± 30%
Equivalent Series Resistance 25 Ω Maximum
Drive level 2 mWatts Maximum
C0 / C1 ratio 225 typical, 250 Maximum

See Figure 38 for a representative tuning curve.

LMK04816 30179393.gif Figure 38. Example Tuning Curve, 20.48-MHz Crystal

The tuning curve achieved in the application may differ from the curve shown above due to differences in PCB layout and component selection.

This data is measured on the bench with the crystal integrated with the LMK04816. Using a voltmeter to monitor the VTUNE node for the crystal, the PLL1 reference clock input frequency is swept in frequency and the resulting tuning voltage generated by PLL1 is measured at each frequency. At each value of the reference clock frequency, the lock state of PLL1 must be monitored to ensure that the tuning voltage applied to the crystal is valid.

The curve shows over the tuning voltage range of 0.3 VDC to 3.0 VDC, the frequency range is –140 to +91 ppm; or equivalently, a tuning range of –2850 Hz to +1850 Hz. The measured tuning voltage at the nominal crystal frequency (20.48 MHz) is 1.7 V. Using the diode data sheet tuning characteristics, this voltage results in a tuning capacitance of approximately 6.5 pF.

The tuning curve data can be used to calculate the gain of the oscillator (KVCO). The data used in the calculations is taken from the most linear portion of the curve, a region centered on the crossover point at the nominal frequency (20.48 MHz). For a well designed circuit, this is the most likely operating range. In this case, the tuning range used for the calculations is ± 1000 Hz (± 0.001 MHz), or ± 81.4 ppm. The simplest method is to use Equation 15 calculate the ratio:

Equation 15. LMK04816 30179369.gif

ΔF2 and ΔF1 are in units of MHz. Using data from the curve this becomes Equation 16:

Equation 16. LMK04816 30179335.gif

A second method uses the tuning data in units of ppm in Equation 17:

Equation 17. LMK04816 30179336.gif

FNOM is the nominal frequency of the crystal and is in units of MHz. Using the data, this becomes Equation 18:

Equation 18. LMK04816 30179337.gif

To ensure startup of the oscillator circuit, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the selected crystal must conform to the specifications listed in the table of Electrical Characteristics.

It is also important to select a crystal with adequate power dissipation capability, or drive level. If the drive level supplied by the oscillator exceeds the maximum specified by the crystal manufacturer, the crystal undergoes excessive aging and possibly becomes damaged. Drive level is directly proportional to resonant frequency, capacitive load seen by the crystal, voltage and equivalent series resistance (ESR). For more complete coverage of crystal oscillator design, see AN-1939 Crystal Based Oscillator Design with the LMK04000 Family (SNAA065).

9.2 Typical Application

Normal use case of the LMK04816 device is as a dual-loop jitter cleaner. This section shows a design example with the various functional aspects of the LMK04816 device.

LMK04816 simplified_fbd_dual_loop_mode.gif Figure 39. Simplified Functional Block Diagram for Dual-Loop Mode

9.2.1 Design Requirements

Given a remote radio head (RRU) type application which needs to clock some ADCs, DACs, FPGA, SERDES, and an LO, the input clock is a recovered clock that needs jitter cleaning. The FPGA clock must have a clock output on power up. A summary of clock input and output requirements are as follows:

Clock Input:

  • 30.72-MHz recovered clock.

Clock Outputs:

  • 2x 245.76-MHz clock for ADC, LVPECL
  • 4x 491.52-MHz clock for DAC, LVPECL
  • 1x 122.88-MHz clock for FPGA, LVPECL. POR clock
  • 1x 122.88-MHz clock for SERDES, LVPECL
  • 2x 122.88-MHz clock for LO, LVCMOS

It is also desirable to have the holdover feature engage if the recovered clock reference is ever lost. Detailed Design Procedure reviews the steps to produce this design.

9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

Design of all aspects of the LMK04816 are quite involved and software has been written to assist in part selection, part programming, loop filter design, and simulation. This design procedure gives a quick outline of the process.

NOTE

This information is current as of the date of the release of this datasheet. Design tools receive continuous improvements to add features and improve model accuracy. Refer to software instructions or training for latest features.

  1. Device Selection
    • The key to device selection is the required VCO frequency given required output frequencies. The device must be able to produce the VCO frequency that can be divided down to required output frequencies.
    • The software design tools take into account the VCO frequency range for specific devices based on the application's required output frequencies. Using an external VCO provides increased flexibility regarding valid designs.
    • To understand the process better, refer to Frequency Planning With the LMK04816 for more detail on calculating valid VCO frequency when using integer dividers using the least common multiple (LCM) of the output frequencies.
  2. Device Configuration
    • There are many possible permutations of dividers and other registers to get same input and output frequencies from a device. However there are some optimizations and trade-offs to be considered.
      • If more than one divider is in series, for instance VCO divider to CLKout divider, or VCO divider to PLL prescaler to PLL N. It is possible although not assured that some crosstalk/mixing could be created when using some divides.
    • The design software normally attempts to maximize phase detector frequency, use smallest dividers, and maximizes PLL charge pump current.
    • When an external VCXO or crystal is used for jitter cleaning, the design software chooses the maximum frequency value. Depending on design software options, this max frequency may be limited to standard value VCXOs and Crystals. Note, depending on application, different frequency VCXOs may be chosen to generate some of the required output frequencies.
    • Refer to PLL Programming for divider equations need to ensure PLL is locked. The design software is able to configure the device for most cases, but at this time for advanced features like 0-delay, the user must take care to ensure proper PLL programming.
    • These guidelines may be followed when configuring PLL related dividers or other related registers:
      • For lowest possible in-band PLL flat noise, maximize phase detector frequency to minimize N divide value.
      • For lowest possible in-band PLL flat noise, maximize charge pump current. The highest value charge-pump currents often have similar performance due to diminishing returns.
      • To reduce loop filter component sizes, increase N value and/or reduce charge-pump current.
      • Large capacitors help reduce phase detector spurs at phase detector frequency caused by external VCOs and VCXOs with low input impedance.
      • As rule of thumb, keeping the phase detector frequency approximately between 10 × PLL loop bandwidth and 100 × PLL loop bandwidth. A phase detector frequency less than 5 × PLL bandwidth may be unstable and a phase detector frequency > 100 × loop bandwidth may experience increased lock time due to cycle slipping.
  3. PLL Loop Filter Design
    • TI recommends using clock design tool or clock architect to design your loop filter.
    • Best loop filter design and simulation can be achieved when:
      • Custom reference and VCXO phase noise profiles are loaded into the software.
      • VCO gain of the external VCXO or possible external VCO device are entered.
    • The clock design tool returns solutions with high reference and phase detector frequencies by default. In the clock design tool the user may increase the reference divider to reduce the frequency if desired. Due to the narrow loop bandwidth used on PLL1, it is common to lower the phase detector frequency on PLL1 to reduce component size.
    • While designing loop filter, adjusting the charge-pump current or N value can help with loop filter component selection. Lower charge-pump currents and larger N values result in smaller component values but may increase impacts of leakage and reduce PLL phase noise performance. – More detailed understanding of loop filter design can found in PLL Performance, Simulation, and Design (www.ti.com/tool/pll_book).
  4. Clock Output Assignment
    • At this time the design software does not take into account frequency assignment to specific outputs except to ensure that the output frequencies can be achieved. It is best to consider proximity of each clock output to each other and other PLL circuitry when choosing final clock output locations. Here are some guidelines to help achieve best performance when assigning outputs to specific CLKout and OSCout pins.
      • Group common frequencies together.
      • PLL charge-pump circuitry can cause crosstalk at charge pump frequency. Place outputs sharing charge-pump frequency or lower priority outputs not sensitive to charge-pump frequency spurs together.
      • Muxes can create a path for noise coupling. Consider all frequencies which may have some bleed through from non-selected mux inputs.
        • For example, LMK04816 CLKout6/7 and CLKout8/9 share a mux with OSCin.
    • Some clock targets require low close-in phase noise. If possible, use a VCXO based PLL1 output for such a clock target. An example is a clock to a PLL reference.
    • Some clock targets require excellent noise floor performance. Outputs driven by the internal VCO have the best noise floor performance. An example is an ADC or DAC.
  5. Other device specific configuration. For LMK04816, consider the following:
    • PLL lock time based on programming:
      • In addition to the time it takes the device to lock to frequency, there is a digital filter to avoid false lock time detects which can also be used to ensure a specific PPM frequency accuracy. This also impacts the time it takes for the digital lock detect (DLD) pin to be asserted. Refer to Digital Lock Detect Frequency Accuracy for more information.
    • Holdover configuration:
    • Digital delay: phase alignment of the output clocks.
    • Analog delay: another method to shift phases of clocks with finer resolution with the penalty of increase noise floor. Clock design tool can simulate analog delay impact on phase noise floor.
    • Dynamic digital delay: ability to shift phase alignment of clocks with minimum disruption during operation.
  6. Device Programming
    • The software tool CodeLoader for EVM programming can be used to set up the device in the desired configuration, then export a hex register map suitable for use in application.

Some additional information on each part of the design procedure for the RRU example is in the following subsections.

9.2.2.1 Device Selection

Use the WEBENCH clock architect tool or clock design tool. Enter the required frequencies and formats into the tool. To use this device, find a solution using the LMK04816.

9.2.2.1.1 Clock Architect

When viewing resulting solutions, it is possible to narrow the parts used in the solution by setting a filter.

Under advanced tab, filtering of specific parts can be done using regular expressions in the part filter box. LMK04816 filters for only the LMK04816 devices.

9.2.2.1.2 Clock Design Tool

In wizard-mode, select Dual Loop PLL to find the LMK04816 device. If a high frequency and clean reference is available, Although dual-loop mode is selected as a customer requirement, it is not required to use dual loop; PLL1 can be powered down and input is then provided through the OSCin port. When simulating single-loop solutions, set PLL1 loop filter block to 0 Hz LBW and use VCXO as the reference block.

9.2.2.1.3 Calculation Using LCM

In this example, the LCM (245.76 MHz, 491.52 MHz, 122.88 MHz) = 491.52 MHz. A valid VCO frequency for LMK04816 is 2457.6 MHz = 5 × 491.52 MHz. Therefore the LMK04816 may be used to produce these output frequencies.

9.2.2.2 Device Configuration

The tools automatically configure the simulation to meet the input and output frequency requirements given and make assumptions about other parameters to give some default simulations. The assumptions made are to maximize input frequencies, phase detector frequencies, and charge-pump currents while minimizing VCO frequency and divider values.

For this example, when using the clock design tool, the reference would have been manually entered as 30.72 MHz according to input frequency requirements, but the tool allows VCXO1 frequency either to be set manually, auto-selected according to standard frequencies, or auto-selected for best frequency. With the best-frequency option, the highest possible VCXO frequency which gives the highest possible PLL2 PDF frequency is recommended first. In this case: 421 + 53 / 175 MHz VCXO resulting in a 140 + 76 / 175 MHz phase detector frequency. This is a high phase detector frequency, but the VCXO is likely going to be a custom order. The select configuration page just before simulation shows before some different configurations possible with different VCO divider values. For example, a more common 491.52-MHz frequency provides a 122.88-MHz PDF. This is a more logical configuration.

From the simulation page of clock design tool, it can be seen that the VCXO frequency of 491.52 MHz is too high for feedback into the PLL1_N divider. Reducing the VCXO frequency to 245.76 MHz resolves the PLL1_N divider maximum input frequency problem. The PLL2 R divider must be updated to 2 so that the VCO of PLL2 is still at 2457.6 MHz.

At this point the design meets all input and output frequency requirements and it is possible to design a loop filter for system and simulate performance on CLKouts. However, consider also the following:

  • At this time the clock design tool does not assign outputs strategically for jitter, such as PLL1 vs PLL2. If PLL1 output frequency is high enough, it may have improved jitter performance depending on the noise floor and application required integration range.
  • The clock design tool does not consider power on reset clocks in the clock requirements or assignments.
  • The clock design tool simplifies the LMK04816 architecture not showing the mux complexity around OSCout0/1 and not showing OSCout1. Simulation of OSCout0 is equivalent to OSCout1.

The next section addresses how the user may alter the design when considering these items.

9.2.2.2.1 PLL LO Reference

PLL1 outputs have the best phase noise performance for LO references. As such OSCout0 can be used to provide the 122.88-MHz LO reference clock. To achieve this with the 245.76-MHz VCXO the OSCout_DIV can be set to 2 to provide 122.88 MHz at OSCout0. However, in the next section it is determined that for the POR clock, a 122.88-MHz VCXO is chosen which results in not needing to change this parameter.

9.2.2.2.2 POR Clock

If OSCout1 is to be used for LVPECL POR 122.88-MHz clock, the POR value of the OSCout_DIV is 1, so a 122.88-MHz VCXO frequency must be chosen. This may be desired anyway because the phase detector frequency is limited to 122.88 MHz and lower frequency VCXOs tend to cost less. With this change the OSCin frequency and phase detector frequency are the same, so the doubler must be enabled and the PLL2 R divider programmed = 2 to follow the rule stated in PLL2 Frequency Doubler. Because the clock design tool does not show the doubler, PLL2_Rstill reflects the value one for simulation purposes.

If LVDS was required for POR clock, a voltage divider could be used to convert from LVPECL to LVDS.

At this time the main design updates have been made to support the POR clock and loop filter design may begin.

9.2.2.3 PLL Loop Filter Design

The PLL structure for the LMK04816 is shown in Loop Filter.

At this time the user may choose to make adjustments to the simulation tools for more accurate simulations to their application. For example:

  • Clock design tool allows loading a custom phase noise plot for any block. Typically, a custom phase noise plot is entered for CLKin to match the reference phase noise to the device; a phase noise plot for the VCXO can additionally be provided to match the performance of VCXO used. For improved accuracy in simulation and optimum loop filter design, be sure to load these custom noise profiles for use in application. After loading a phase noise plot, user must recalculate the recommended loop filter design.
  • The clock design tool returns solutions with high reference or phase detector frequencies by default. In the clock design tool the user may increase the reference divider to reduce the frequency if desired. Due to the narrow loop bandwidth used on PLL1, it is common to reduce the phase detector frequency on PLL1 by increasing PLL1 R.

For this example, for PLL1 to perform jitter cleaning and to minimize jitter from PLL2 used for frequency multiplication:

  • PLL1: A narrow loop bandwidth PLL1 filter was design by updating the loop bandwidth to 50 Hz and phase margin to 50 degrees.
  • PLL2:
    • VCXO noise profile is measured, then loaded into VCXO block in clock design tool.
    • The recommended loop filter is redesigned. Updates to the PLL1 loop filter and VCXO phase noise may change the loop filter recommendation.

The next two sections discuss PLL1 and PLL2 loop filter design specific to this example using default phase noise profiles.

NOTE

Clock Design Tool provides some recommend loop filters upon first load of the simulation. Anytime PLL related inputs change like an input phase noise, charge-pump current, divider values, and so forth. it is best to re-design the PLL1 loop filter to the recommended design or your desired parameters. After PLL1, then update the PLL2 loop filter in the same way to keep the loop filters designed and optimized for the application. Because PLL1 loop filter design may impact PLL2 loop filter design, be sure to update the designs in order.

9.2.2.3.1 PLL1 Loop Filter Design

For this example, in the clock design tool simulator click on the PLL1 loop filter design button, then update the loop bandwidth for 0.05 kHz and the phase margin for 50 degrees and press calculate. With the 30.72-MHz phase detector frequency and 1.6-mA charge pump; the largest capacitor of the designed loop filter, the C2, is 27 μF. Supposing a goal of < 10 μF; setting PLL1 R = 4 and pressing the calculate again shows that C2 is 6.8 μF. Suppose that a reduction to < 1 μF is desired, continuing to increase the PLL1 R to 8 resulting in a phase detector frequency of 3.84 MHz and reducing the charge pump current from 1.6 mA to 0.4 mA and calculating again shows that C2 is 820 nF. As N was increased and charge pump decreased, this final design has R2 = 12 kΩ. The first design with low N value and high charge-pump current result in R2 = 390 Ω. The impact of the thermal resistance is calculated in the tool. Viewing the simulation of the loop filter with the 12-kΩ resistor shows that the thermal noise in the loop is not impacting performance.

It may be desired to design a 3rd order loop filter for additional attenuation input noise and spurs.

With the PLL1 loop filter design complete, loop filter of the PLL2 is ready to be designed.

9.2.2.3.2 PLL2 Loop Filter Design

In the clock design tool simulator, click on the PLL2 loop filter design button, then press recommend design. For PLL2's loop filter maximum phase detector frequency and maximum charge-pump current are typically used. Typically the jitter integration bandwidth includes the loop filter bandwidth for PLL2. The recommended loop filter by the tools are designed to minimize jitter. The integrated loop filter components are minimized with this recommendation as to allow maximum flexibility in achieve wide loop bandwidths for low PLL noise. With the recommended loop filter calculated, this loop filter is ready to be simulated.

If using integrated components is desired, open the bode plot for the PLL2 loop filter, then make adjustments to the integrated components. The effective loop bandwidth and phase margin with these updates is calculated. The integrated loop filter components are good to use when attempting to eliminate some spurs because they provide filtering after the bond wires. The recommended procedure is to increase C3 and C4 capacitance, then R3 and R4 resistance. Large R3/R4 resistance can result in degraded VCO phase noise performance.

9.2.2.4 Clock Output Assignment

At this time the Clock Design Tool and Clock Architect only assign outputs to specific clock outputs numerically; not necessarily by optimum configuration. The user may wish to make some educated re-assignment of outputs.

During device configuration, some output assignment was discussed because of the impact on the configuration of the device relating to loop filter design, such as:

  • In this example, OSCout1 can be used to provide the power-on reset (POR) start-up clock to the FPGA at 122.88 MHz because the VCXO frequency is the required output frequency.
  • Because PLL1 outputs have best in-band noise, OSCout0 is used to provide LVCMOS output to the PLL reference for the LO. LVCMOS (Norm/Inv) is used instead of LVCMOS (Norm/Norm) to reduce crosstalk. It is also possible to use CLKout6/7 or CLKout8/9 for a PLL reference being driven from the VCXO. The noise floor is higher, but close-in noise is typically of more concern because noise above the loop bandwidth of the LO is dominated by the VCO of the LO. See Figure 40.
  • Because CLKout6/7 and CLKout8/9 have a mux allowing them to be driven by the VCXO and due there is a chance for some 122.88-MHz crosstalk from the VCXO. The 122.88-MHz SERDES clock is placed on CLKout6 because it is not sensitive to crosstalk as it is operating at the same frequency.

    The two 245.76-MHz clocks and four 491.52-MHz clocks for the converters need to be discussed. There is some flexibility in assignment. For example CLKout0/1 could operate at 245.76 MHz for the ADCs and then CLKout2/3 and CLKout4/5 could operate at 491.52 MHz for the DAC. It is also possible to consider CLKout2/3 for the ADC and position CLKout0/1 and CLKout10/11 for the DAC. The ADCs clock was placed as far as possible from other clock which could result in sub-harmonic spurs because the ADC clock is often the most sensitive.

9.2.2.5 Other Device Specific Configuration

9.2.2.5.1 Digital Lock Detect

Digital lock time for PLL1 is ultimately dependent upon the programming of the PLL1_DLD_CNT register as discussed in Digital Lock Detect Frequency Accuracy. Because the PLL1 phase detector frequency in this example is 3.84 MHz, the lock time is equal to Equation 19.

Equation 19. 1 / (PLL1_DLD_CNT × 3.84 MHz)

Digital lock time for PLL1 if PLL1_DLD_CNT = 10000 is just over 2.6 ms. When using holdover, it is very important to program the PLL1_DLD_CNT to a value large enough to prevent false digital lock detect signals.

If PLL1_DLD_CNT is too small, when the device exits holdover and is re-locking, the DLD goes high while the phase of the reference and feedback are within the specified window size because the programmed PLL1_DLD_CNT is satisfied. However, if the loop has not yet settled to without the window size, when the phases of the reference and feedback once again exceed the window size, the DLD returns low. Provided that DISABLE_DLD1_DET = 0, the device once again enter holdover. Assuming that the reference clock is valid because holdover was just exited, the exit criteria is met again, holdover exits, and PLL1 starts locking. Unfortunately, the same sequence of events repeat resulting in oscillation out-of and back-into holdover. Setting the PLL1_DLD_CNT to an appropriately large value prevents chattering of the PLL1 DLD signal and stable holdover operation can be achieved.

Refer to Digital Lock Detect Frequency Accuracy for more detail on calculating exit times and how the PLL1_DLD_CNT and PLL1_WND_SIZE work together.

9.2.2.5.2 Holdover

For this example, when the recovered clock is lost, the goal is to set the VCXO to Vcc / 2 until the recovered clock returns. Holdover Mode contains detailed information on how to program holdover.

To achieve the above goal, fixed holdover is used. Program:

  • HOLDOVER_MODE = 2 (Holdover enabled)
  • EN_TRACK = 0 (Tracking disabled)
  • EN_MAN_DAC = 1 (Use manual DAC for holdover voltage value)
  • MAN_DAC = 512 (Approximately Vcc / 2)
  • DISABLE_DLD1_DET = 0 (Use PLL1 DLD = Low to start holdover)

9.2.2.6 Device Programming

The CodeLoader software is used to program the LMK04816 evaluation board using the LMK04816 profile. It also allows the exporting of a register map which can be used to program the device to the user’s desired configuration.

Once a configuration of dividers has been achieved using the Clock Design Tool to meet the requested input and output frequencies with the desired performance, the CodeLoader software is manually updated with this information to meet the required application. At this time no automatic import exists.

9.2.3 Application Curve

LMK04816 D001_SNOSCY6.gif Figure 40. LVPECL Phase Noise, 122.88-MHz Illustration of Different Performance
Depending on Signal Path

9.3 System Examples

Figure 41 and Figure 42 show an LMK04816 with external circuitry for clocking and for power supply to serve as a guideline for good practices when designing with the LMK04816. Refer to Pin Connection Recommendations for more details on the pin connections and bypassing recommendations. Also refer to the evaluation board TSW3085EVM ACPR and EVM Measurements (SLAA509). PCB design also plays a role in device performance.

LMK04816 30179378.gif Figure 41. Example Application – System Schematic Except for Power

Figure 41 shows the primary reference clock input is at CLKin0/0*. A secondary reference clock is driving CLKin1/1*. A third reference clock is driving CLKin2/2*. All three clocks are depicted as AC-coupled differential drivers. The VCXO attached to the OSCin and OSCin* port is configured as an AC-coupled single-ended driver. Any of the input ports (CLKin0/0*, CLKin1/1*, CLKin2/2*, or OSCin/OSCin*) may be configured as either differential or single-ended. These options are discussed later in the data sheet.

See Loop Filter for more information on PLL1 and PLL2 loop filters.

The clock outputs are all AC-coupled with 0.1-µF capacitors. Some clock outputs are depicted as LVPECL with 240-Ω emitter resistors and some clock outputs as LVDS. However, the output format of the clock outputs vary by user programming, so the user must use the appropriate source termination for each clock output. Later sections of this data sheet illustrate alternative methods for AC-coupling, DC-coupling and terminating the clock outputs.

PCB design influences crosstalk performance. Tightly coupled clock traces have less crosstalk than loosely coupled clock traces. Also, proximity to other clocks traces influence crosstalk.

LMK04816 sch_pwr_internalvco.gif Figure 42. Example Application – Power System Schematic

Figure 42 shows an example decoupling and bypassing scheme for the LMK04816. Components drawn in dotted lines are optional. Two power planes are used in this design, one for the clock outputs and one for other PLL circuits.

PCB design influences impedance to the supply. Vias and traces increase the impedance to the power supply. Ensure good direct return current paths.