9.1.1 Liquid Level Measurement

The FDC1004 can be used to measure liquid level in non-conductive containers. Capacitive sensors can be attached to the outside of the container or be located remotely from the container, allowing for contactless measurements. The working principle is based on a ratiometric measurement; Figure 14 shows a possible system implementation which uses three electrodes. The Level electrode provides a capacitance value proportional to the liquid level. The Reference Environmental electrode and the Reference Liquid electrode are used as references. The Reference Liquid electrode accounts for the liquid dielectric constant and its variation, while the Reference Environmental electrode is used to compensate for any other environmental variations that are not due to the liquid itself. Note that the Reference Environmental electrode and the Reference Liquid electrode are the same physical size (h_REF).

For this application, single-ended measurements on the appropriate channels are appropriate, as the tank is grounded.

Use the following formula to determine the liquid level from the measured capacitances:

where

• C_RE is the capacitance of the Reference Environmental electrode,
• C_RL is the capacitance of the Reference Liquid electrode,
• C_Lev is the current value of the capacitance measured at the Level electrode sensor,
• C_Lev(0) is the capacitance of the Level electrode when the container is empty, and
• h_REF is the height in the desired units of the Container or Liquid Reference electrodes.

The ratio between the capacitance of the level and the reference electrodes allows simple calculation of the liquid level inside the container itself. Very high sensitivity values (that is, many LSB/mm) can be obtained due to the high resolution of the FDC1004, even when the sensors are located remotely from the container.

9.2.1 Design Requirements

The liquid level measurement should be independent of the liquid, which can be achieved using the 3-electrode design described above. Moreover, the sensor should be immune to environmental interferers such as a human body, other objects, or EMI. This can be achieved by shielding the side of the sensor which does not face the container.

9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

In capacitive sensing systems, the design of the sensor plays an important role in determining system performance and capabilities. In most cases the sensor is simply a metal plate that can be designed on the PCB.

The sensor used in this example is implemented with a two-layer PCB. On the top layer, which faces the tank, there are the 3 electrodes (Reference Environmental, Reference Liquid, and Level) with a ground plane surrounding the electrodes. The bottom layer is covered with a shield plane in order to isolate the electrodes from any external interference sources.

Depending on the shape of the container, the FDC1004 can be located on the sensor PCB to minimize the length of the traces between the input channels and the sensors and increase the immunity from EMI sources. In case the shape of the container or other mechanical constraints do not allow having the sensors and the FDC1004 on the same PCB, the traces which connect the channels to the sensor need to be shielded with the appropriate shield. In this design example all of the channels are shielded with SHLD1. For this configuration, the FDC1004 measures the capacitance of the 3 channels versus ground; and so the SHLD1 and SHLD2 pins are internally shorted in the FDC1004 (see The Shield).

9.2.3 Application Performance Plot

The data shown below has been collected with the FDC1004EVM. A liquid level sensor with 3 electrodes like the one shown in the schematic was connected to the EVM. The plot shows the capacitance measured by the 3 electrodes at different levels of liquid in the tank. The capacitance of the Reference Liquid (the RF trace in the graph below) and Reference Environmental (the RE trace) sensors have a steady value when the liquid is above their height while the capacitance of the level sensor (Level) increases linearly with the height of the liquid in the tank.

Figure 15. Electrodes' Capacitance vs. Liquid Level